Aristotle, Temperance, Pleasure, and Pain :: Philosophy Research Papers

Aristotle, Temperance, Pleasure, and Pain(1) ABSTRACT: Aristotle argues that temperance is the mean concerned with pleasure and pain (NE 1107b5-9 and 1117b25-27). Most commentators focus on the moderation of pleasures and hardly discuss how this virtue relates to pain. In what follows, I consider the place of pain in Aristotle’s discussion of temperance and resolve contradictory interpretations by turning to the following question: is temperance ever properly painful? In part one, I examine the textual evidence and conclude that Aristotle would answer no to our question. The temperate person does not feel pain at the absence of appropriately desired objects. In parts two and three, I reconstruct some reasons why Aristotle would hold such a view based. My discussion here is based upon Aristotle’s discussion of continence and the unity of the virtues. While the accounts of temperance in the Eudemian Ethics and the Nichomachean Ethics share some similarities, the treatment of the topic in the latter is much more developed.(2) As Charles Young argues, Aristotle draws a distinction between common appetites and peculiar appetites. The appetite for food when one hasn’t eaten for several hours is a common, natural appetite. The appetite for a particular food or a particular amount is peculiar. Temperance most properly concerns the peculiar appetites, because, Aristotle says, people don’t tend to go wrong about common appetites since the appetite disappears with replenishment (NE 1118b15-19).(3) A further refinement in the Nicomachean account comes at 1119a16-20. Here Aristotle distinguishes between pleasures conducive to health (called healthful foods by Young) and pleasures that do not interfere with health (called treats by Young). On this more positive account of temperance, one has temperance just in case one’s peculiar appetites for food, sex, and drink are determined by judgments about the contribution to or compatibility with healthfulness.(4) One nice result of this account is that temperance loses any connotations of austerity that it might have had. For a temperate person, on Aristotle’s account, enjoys treats to the extent that they are compatible with health. This quick summary of the Nicomachean and Eudemian treatments of temperance, while showing some of the subtlety of Aristotle’s position, has selectively omitted a range of issues. The focus has been on pleasure rather than pain. Clearly the intemperate person enjoys consuming foods to an excess. However, it also surely is true that the intemperate person is pained by the absence of those peculiar things he desires.

Assessing Young Learners’ Speaking Ability in the Fifth Grade of Three Elementary Schools in Padang Essay

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Problem Communicative view development in English learning makes the focus on English teaching changed. What once became structurally focused, it now moves toward meaningful language-focused. Students are not asked to memorize structure-based dialogues without knowing the meaning anymore. There are no more grammatically controlled sentences for students’ meaningless repetition. Dialogues, if used, center around communicative functions and are not normally memorized (Richards & Rodgers, 1986). That makes the teaching of speaking becomes the core part of English teaching. Just like the adults, young learners today are also taught speaking meaningfully and communicatively. However, young learners have distinctive characteristics compared with adult learners. One of them is children are still developing cognitively, linguistically, socially, emotionally, and physically (Teaching Knowledge Test Young Learners: Handbook for Teachers, 2010). In other words, in teaching speaking to them, teachers need to consider children’s development of skills in the native language first. Young learners also enjoy rhythmic and repetitive language more than adults do. They are more likely to play with language than adults are, and they can be more effectively engaged through stories and games (Peck, 2009). The different techniques and approaches in teaching speaking to young learners lead to different ways in the speaking assessment. This is the problem faced by Indonesian young learners’ teachers nowadays. Most teachers do not know how they should assess their young learners’ speaking ability; some finally choose to skip the speaking assessment and focus on pencil-paper-tests. Thus, this research is conducted to discover and reveal ways of assessing young learners’ speaking ability. B. Identification of the Problem Based on the background above, the speaking assessment techniques used for young learners should be different from the adult. It should be suited with their cognitive, linguistic, social, emotional, and physical development. As we looked upon Language Assessment: Principles and Classroom Practices by Brown (2010) and integrated it with curriculum standard in Indonesia, KTSP 2006, young learners will be better to be assessed in imitative and intensive speaking categories, such as imitating teachers’ saying, directed response tasks, read-aloud tasks, and dialogue completion tasks. Alternative assessments such as interviews and conferences can also be applied for them. C. Limitation of the Problem In this research, the problem will be focused on the speaking assessment techniques in the fifth grade of three selected elementary schools in Padang. D. Formulation of the Problem * What kind of speaking assessment technique used by elementary school English teachers? * Why do they use such techniques? E. Purpose of the Research The purpose of this research is to discover and reveal the technique used by English teachers to assess elementary school students’ speaking ability. F. Significance of the Research Theoretically, this research is aimed to give a description of how speaking assessment for young learners done in Indonesia. Practically, some techniques used by English teachers provided here can be a source of alternative speaking assessment. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. The Nature of Assessment There has been various explanation of what assessment is. Brindley (as stated in Linse, 2005) refers assessment as â€Å"collecting information and making judgments on a learner’s knowledge†. It means that in assessing students, we need to find out what students know about the subject being taught and how far that understanding has reached the learning indicator. In the same line with Brindley but with an addition, Brown (2010) states assessment as â€Å"an ongoing process of collecting information about a given object of interest according to procedures that are systematic and substantively grounded.† In his statement above, Brown implies that the process of collecting and judging students’ understanding is not done orderly in one single time; it is done continuously. Harris and McCann (1994) also give an essential note that in doing assessment teachers have to measure the performance of their students and the progress they make, as well as diagnose the problems they have and provide useful feedback. In other words, collecting and judging students’ intelligence is not enough; finding out what becomes students’ problem and giving advice to them to overcome the problems is also important to create a more successful learning process. Based on the theories above, it can be seen that assessment involves collecting information about students’ knowledge and judging their understanding in order to diagnose the learning problems they have so that students can get useful feedback to be more-successful learners. B. The Nature of Speaking As stated in the previous chapter, today’s English teaching focuses more on communicative purpose of language learning than in the past. It leads to the more important consideration of speaking skills than in previous time. Just like assessment, there is also various definition of speaking. One of them is from Lingua Links (1998) that defines speaking as productive skill in the oral mode that involves more than just pronouncing words. Referring to today’s communicative view, of course speaking cannot be thought as just pronouncing words; it needs to be meaningful, and communicative. Furthermore, Noonan (2003) states that, if pronunciation included, speaking involves three areas: mechanics (pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary), functions (transaction and interaction), and social cultural norms and rules (turn-taking, rate of speech, etc). All of them are connected to each other and prove that speaking is not only about what is uttered, but also the meaning and social purpose. C. The Nature of Young Learners Young learner is a child who is in their first six year of formal education, from age 6 to 12 (Teaching Knowledge Test Young Learners: Handbook for Teachers, 2010). Many experts argue that it is beneficial to teach the children English since young age. TKT Young Learners (2010) notes one of the advantages that those children will have positive self-esteem toward English and it will help them to learn English more once they are adult. That is why teaching English to young learners considered important today. However, young learners have characteristics that make them different from the adults (Teaching Knowledge Test Young Learners: Handbook for Teachers, 2010). First, they are still morally, cognitively, psychologically developed. Based on Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, children in age 6-12 years old are still in concrete operational thought stage, they already have the ability to do logical reasoning and understand reversibility with the help of concrete objects (Santrock, 1998). It means that explaining theory will not do for them, we need to make them move, do games, sing, etc. Second, young learners often have no obvious reason for learning English. Unlike adults who want to do it because of the career-related reasons or teenagers that do it to pass an exam, young learners do not have concrete reason why they must learn English. However, it does not mean they are not motivated to learn English; their goodwill, energy, and curiosity to learning overcome that. Third, they may not always have well-developed literacy skills to support their learning of English. Many children in the age of 6-12 years old are just getting to know their first language. It means that as a teacher we need to not have too-high expectation and do more. Fourth, young learners often learn slowly and forget quickly. It is related to the first characteristic that young learners are still developed morally, socially, and cognitively. Their still-ongoing developments in those basic things make them forget easily and learn slowly. This is why songs, agmes, and chants do best for them. D. Principles of Assessing Young Learners According to METU Open Course Ware (2006), principles of assessing children’s language learning are: 1. Assessment should be seen from a learning-centered perspective. It means that we cannot get a true assessment by testing kids what they can do alone. It has been stated by many experts that the goal of learning English is to be able to communicate meaningfully in English. Testing students, let alone young children, as a tool to get true assessment will not congruent with the real goal of English learning and it will just be wasting time. 2. Assessment should support learning and teaching. This is something that is not also becomes a problem with young learners, but also with the adult. Before performance-based assessment is introduced, teachers chose paper-and-pencil tests as their source of assessing (Puppin, 2006). It becomes a problematic then since students do not see the connection between the learning and the test they are doing, ; they see them as two different incongruent things. If the assessment done is congruent with the learning they did, children will feel that what they have learned is useful. 3. Children and parents should understand assessment issues. Their understanding will make the assessment process more meaningful since they can participate and supports greatly on behave of children’s English development. On the other hand, if they do not understand why the teacher does this and that, there will be no good communication between these three subjects to help children’s development. E. Techniques of Speaking Assessment Brown (2010) states some techniques of speaking assessment based on students’ language development level: Imitative Speaking This kind of assessment is intended to see whether students can imitate saying in English correctly. Eventhough it focuses on the accuracy of repeating words, it does not mean that it cannot be communicative and meaningful. Besides, in recent years many experts have discovered that an overemphasis on fluency can sometimes lead to the decline of accuracy in speech. Intensive Speaking There are four tasks in this kind of assessing: directed response task, oral questionnaire, and picture-cued task. In oral questionnaires, students are first given time to read the dialogue to get its main idea and to think about the appropriate lines to fill in. Then, as the tape, teacher produces one part orally; the students respond. In directed response task, students elicit a particular grammatical form of a transformation of a sentence. Such tasks are clearly mechanical and not communicative, but they do require minimal processing of meaning in order to produce the correct grammatical output. Picture-cued task requires a description from the students. Pictures may be very simple, designed to elicit a word or a phrase, or composed of a series that tells a story or incident. This task is meaningful since sometime a little sense of humor is injected. Responsive Speaking Assessment of responsive tasks involves brief interactions with an interlocutor, differing from intensive tasks in increased creativity given to the student and from interactive tasks by somewhat limited length of utterances. The kinds of this assessment are question and answer, giving instructions and directions, and paraphrasing. Questions and answers involve oral interaction with teacher.

The After-Life of Slavery - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1149 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/07/03 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Beloved Essay Slavery Essay Did you like this example? The After-life of Slavery In the book beloved, we are introduced to many different characters the setting is after slavery to a home where Sethe lives in. Before Sethe moved to 124 home, she lived on the plantation sweet home. She escapes from the underground railroad by the help of a woman. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The After-Life of Slavery" essay for you Create order Before, Sethe didnt want to have her children go through slavery as she did. Throughout the book beloved, you see it focused on her older daughter, which she called Beloved. Throughout the book, you see the different relationships in the book to where you see the characters try to move forward after slavery. You will see how Beloved affected her life after slavery, making Sethe more emotional and guiltier through the time of her freedom. Firstly, in the first chapter in the book, you get a little background about the characters. We are introduced to Baby Suggs, which is Sethe mother-in-law. She is very sad after slavery because she lost all her children besides Halle. Baby Suggs doesnt know where Halle is. Paul D is introduced. A friend of Sethe and Halle at the plantation Sweet home. We see a very deep connection and relationship with Paul D and Sethe. When Paul D escape from sweet home the goes to 124. This was a friendly relationship he had with her. When Sethe was talking to her other daughter Denver. Denver asked what her mother was thinking about. Sethe told Denver she was thinking about the memories she has. Sethe seems to believe that the past will repeat itself. The one thing to see in the novel is how Sethe is trying to protect her children from the world. She thought killing Beloved was the best choice she has because she didnt want her children going through a life of slavery as she did. Even though they are free Sethe tries to protect Denver in the same context by informing her that the past can repeat itself. Sethe is trying to move forward into freedom and wants her daughter to make the right decisions in the future. Also, Sethe way of relaxing was a place called Clearing. She takes Denver and Beloved with her. Before Baby Suggs became depressed. Sethe blames herself because she left Halle behind. She would cry and la ugh to make herself feel better. She also wanted to love herself for who she was. This was Sethe way of moving forward to freedom with her Daughter Denver. To let go of all the things she didnt love about herself and try to let them go in these moments. She continues to talk about her past with Denver, how she escapes slavery while she was pregnant with her. She describes how she was protected and how she got to 124. We see Denver and Sethe Relationship change one, because of Beloved and two because of Paul D. Denver didnt care too much for Paul D and Sethe relationship, this made things difficult as they tried to move forward. We see the relationship of moving forward with Baby Suggs and Sethe after she escapes. She sits with Baby Suggs, Sethe seems to be calling at her mother-in-law as if she needs to be comforted. Once Sethe tries to turn for her Baby Suggs for comfort she finds that she is being strangled by her. Beloved comes to confront her and make sure she is okay. Sethe pushed Beloved from her. Denver is thinking that Beloved is the one strangled Sethe. Baby Suggs has a connection with Sethe because of Baby Suggs Son Halle, which Sethe wanted to marry. Baby Sugg wanted to know where her son is, and this is how the relationship between Sethe and Baby Sugg started. Sethe and Baby Suggs were both sad of the lost. Baby Suggs didnt know where Halle is and Sethe is morn for Beloved. Moving forward they found ways to clear their thoughts. Baby Suggs later fell into a deep depression and died because of the effects of slavery Secondly, you see the afterlife of slavery through beloved. Throughout the novel, you are to believe she still alive but actually, she isnt. Sethe is still grieving the loss of her daughter and see Sethe. As beloved is living with Sethe and Denver they start to care for her. Even though she doesnt seem to be sick or anything. It shows that Sethe has sympathy for Beloved. Sethe tries to be more caring for Beloved than anyone else. Throughout the entire novel, you see that Sethe try to put the death of her daughter so deep back where she actually forgets and take her in to care for her. This shows how mentally slavery affected people even after slavery ended. Sethe becomes more open with her daughters about her past and the choice she made. Part of the reason why is because Beloved is back in her life. The choices she made with Beloved make her realized that she has to be more open with her other daughter Denver. Beloved starts to hang around the house more epically with Denver. Once Denver sees Beloved actions she starts to wonder if she can Stop Beloved from hurting Sethe. Paul D seems to want to be more than just friends with Sethe. When he is free, the first thing he does is try to find Sethe. Once they reconnected you see them trying to move forward after slavery, even though they still shared stories about the plantation. Even though they shared their hard times they still want to move forward with their lives. Paul D, Denver, and Sethe goes to a carnival for Blacks enjoy themselves. At this point they all are happy. After Paul D discovered what Sethe did to her eldest daughter he left to figure out what is next from him. He tries to make Beloved understand why her mother killed her. Paul D tries to find comfort with Sethe because of he like her. He wanted to move forward with her and realize that what he wanted after slavery wasnt all he wanted to be. It was difficult after slavery finding love and what was next for them. In conclusion, Through Beloved, we see how difficult life after slavery affected everyone. From moving forward to where to go, with moving on from the emotional pain of the death of Sethe oldest Daughter. Even though slavery ended, it was still a challenge for African Americans to move forward with their lives. It took Sethe 18 years after and some to grieve her daughter death. In the book, Paul D talks to Sethe. Sethe said, She was my best thing (). You see Sethe is more caring for Beloved after slavery, while Sethe and Denver explained the events leading up to when they came to 124. Beloved makes everyone question the past, while they still try to move forward. She is the after life for them.

Judicial Review The Face Of Legislative Inertia - 799 Words

Some might question why, even in the face of legislative inertia, courts can be trusted to resolve difficult legal questions. This argument misses the mark. First, the Court should decide legal questions that are suited for judicial review and that result in workable rules to guide lower courts, regardless of outcomes. In other words, this test speaks to ensuring fairer processes, not favorable outcomes. As Professor Issacharoff states, an â€Å"individual or a group should be allowed to participate in political decisionmaking regardless of whether it will make any difference to the result.† Other may claim this proposal would open the floodgates to litigation and unduly burden the federal courts. Such an argument fails to account for the substantial burden that this test places on litigants. Indeed, access to the courts would only slightly increase for a discreet class of litigants who can make a prima facie case that a challenged law violates a constitutional right. The additional requirements – the unavailability of redress in the legislature and the workability of a judicial resolution – would ensure that only meritorious cases presenting issues particularly suitable for judicial review would be heard. The upshot is that a relatively small but significant number of litigants would gain access the courts. In doing so, courts would strike to protect politically powerless and traditionally disadvantaged groups who are vulnerable to the abuses of entrenchedShow MoreRelatedThe Function of the Judiciary Within the Constitution of the United Kingdom2659 Words   |  11 PagesStephen lifted the veil in a way that might come as a surprise to those who suppose that judicial candour is a particularly modern prerogative: every decision on a debated point adds a little to the law by making that point certain for the future. Indeed, whichever way this case may be decided, it will settle the law upon precise point involved, and it is this which gives to judicial decisions their great importance[4] Yet, we still have not fully explored the implicationsRead Moretexas constution11227 Words   |  45 Pagesdesigners never completely rewrite the constitution with which they start. Fundamental and piecemeal changes as well as carry-over from previous constitutions are clearly evident in the seven constitutions under which Texas has been governed. Next, we review the structure and content of the current Texas constitution. Of special concern here is the length, detail and overall organization (or disorganization, as some critics might have it) of the fundamental plan of state government and cornerstone ofRead MoreDeveloping an Effective and Efficient Tax System in a Developing Economy - a Case Study of Ghana29843 Words   |  120 Pages |4-5 | |1.3 | |Significance of the study |5-6 | |CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW | |2.0 | |Introduction |7 Read MoreOverview of Hrm93778 Words   |  376 PagesDiscipline HR auditing Copyright  © Virtual University of Pakistan 5 Human Resource Management (MGT501) 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. HR control process Leadership Leadership in organization Employee separation International dimension of HRM Conclusion Review. VU Key Terms Human Resource Management The staffing functions of the management process. Or the policies and practices needed to carry out the â€Å"people† or human resource aspects of a management position, including recruiting, screening, trainingRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 PagesMark Rodol, took over as chief executive and launched a strategic review of the whole business. Rodol commented on Palumbo’s exit: James is an entrepreneur – but what is going to make this business great is a focused, long-term brand strategy. To his credit James has had the foresight to step aside and let the people who understand and believe this run the company. It’s about a difference in style.6 As to the strategic review, Rodol observed: Over the years, we’ve pursued a number of opportunities

Women s Education During The Middle East - 963 Words

No area of Saudi society has been liable to a larger number of debates than the women and their role in the advancement process. Besides, women rights and obligations issues have been similarly controversial among both conservatives and progressives in Saudi society. Before tackling women education movement in Saudi Arabia, it is important to go over some of the social and political incidents that have shaped Saudi women position. In the previous 50 years the Middle East has faced some real difficulties that have influenced all Middle Eastern countries and especially the Golf countries. Saudi Arabia, as other Gulf countries has encountered some real social changes. Most importantly, the discovery of oil in 1930s was a noteworthy event in the nation. The oil-created income in the mid 1970s presented substantial scale changes, including the opening of many schools to both young men and women. The financial change emerging from the huge income from oil offered ascend to a trend towar ds education abroad, and an adjustment in way of life, and these two changes influenced the entire structure of society (Yamani, 1996). Oil and its subsequent wealth unimaginably affected Saudi Arabia in a short period of time. Saudi Arabia started oil’s production in 1970 and the foundation of ARAMCO (Arabian American Oil Company) in Dhahran, a city on the east shoreline of Saudi Arabia where most American presence is located. A lot of American engineers and oil professionals brought theirShow MoreRelatedWomen in the Middle East During the Late 19th and Early 20th Century905 Words   |  4 PagesWomen in the Middle East During the Late 19th and Early 20th Century As a result of Western imperialism circa 1900, throughout the Middle East things began to change. 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Understanding the Phenomena of Globalization Free Essays

Throughout history books examples of early globalization can be found. One example dates back to the Middle Ages when the Silk Road was used as a trade route from China to Europe. Another example of early globalization was the Triangle Trade Route which was used to exchange goods to and from Europe, Africa, and the Americas. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding the Phenomena of Globalization or any similar topic only for you Order Now These early examples paved the road for globalization as we understand it today. Over the years trade has continued to grow to every part of the world. In recent years the growth of globalization has been phenomenal. Technological advancements have played a key role in the expansion of globalization. The internet allows for trade to occur across the world in a matter of seconds. Technology has connected people in recent years like never before. Another improvement that has had a positive impact on globalization is better and faster methods of transportation. The planes and ships built today are quicker and larger than the ones used in the past and make trade even easier. One final reason globalization has grown so much recently is the policies countries have put in place to promote cross-border trade, and investments. Even though globalization continues to expand not all effects of recent globalization have been positive in the United States. Because of increased competition some corporations that began in the United States have moved to other countries. One example is Burger King. In 2014 they moved their headquarters to Canada. The dog food company Purina, which was established in 1894 in Saint Louis, merged with Nestle which then moved its headquarters to Switzerland in 2001. Another example is Fruit of the Loom which moved to the Cayman Islands. These are just of the few of the many companies that have moved out of the United States for many reasons. Some of those reasons include cheap labor and avoiding high taxes. Some companies have chosen to move factory jobs that were based in the United States to Mexico in recent years. The global economy is making it harder for some companies to keep jobs based in the United States. There are many reasons businesses say they leave to set up factories in Mexico. One reason was in order to remain competitive they needed to lower production costs. Factories based in Mexico can pay lower wages and still be close to the United States. A branch of Nabisco which had been making oreo cookies in Chicago, Illinois since 1953 closed in 2016 and relocated to Mexico. Chowchilla brake parts also chose to relocate to Mexico. When questioned about why the move was necessary company representative were quoted as saying, † There’s no way that U.S. workers are going to work for $3.50 or $4.00 an hour, and that’s the reality of the situation.† So what happens to the towns that are left behind? The loss of a corporation can also have a huge impact on the place that suddenly loses a business that has been based in an area for many years. Unemployment rises due to the amount of people suddenly left without a way to earn a living for themselves and their families. The loss of a corporation can also have a huge impact on the place that suddenly loses a business that has been based in an area for many years. One example of the devastating effect the loss of industry can have on a town is Bruceton, Tennessee. In the 1990’s jobs began leaving as layoffs rose and factories closed to go elsewhere. The Henry Siegal company had three large factories based here that produced jeans and suits. In 2000 the last of the factories closed its doors for good. Since then the entire town has struggled for survival. The factories remain empty and abandoned as they fall apart. Businesses located downtown began to close. The bank, supermarket and clothing store that once were located downtown are no gone and a parking lot has taken their place. It looks like a ghost-town now just like so many other small rural towns across the country today. However some towns have made it through these tough times by reinventing themselves. Cleveland and Pittsburgh who once led the way in manufacturing have now begun to fill the gaps in their economy that the loss of industry has left behind with successful robotics and biotechnology facilities that have provided much needed jobs to these areas. Towns are now faced with finding alternatives to working in factories to earn a living. Finding alternatives help to lower the high rates of unemployment that occurs when these industries leave. When companies move overseas from the United States the country that the corporations move to also experience some changes. The culture of a place can be impacted by the company moving in. Many times corporations that move overseas bring with them many new jobs. This can lay a huge role in the culture of an area. More jobs lead to more income which can impact life for people living here. Usually when corporations move some employs move with the company as well. These people will bring with them aspects of their own culture such as food and clothing that can spread to others living here. The spread and integration of cultures often occurs when companies move to different parts of the world. Many people believe the world has entered a new phase in its economic development. For example from just 1997 to 1999 flows of foreign investment has nearly doubled from, $468 billion to $827 billion. Many observers have seen this and say that globalization in now â€Å"faster, cheaper, farther, and deeper†. Globalization today has been driven by policies that have opened economies domestically and internationally. During the past two decades many governments have adopted free-market economic systems, increasing their own productive potential and creating new opportunities for international trade and investment. Governments have also negotiated dramatic reductions in barriers to commerce and have established international agreements to promote trade in goods, services, and investments. Globalization is puzzling at times but it is also fascinating to see how it has changed and expanded over time. There was a time when people believed the world was flat and a lot smaller than it actually is. Today we can communicate with people all over the world with the click of a button and we can travel anywhere in the world. It is hard to imagine how globalization will continue to expand in the future, but with advancements in technology there are so many possibilities for the future. The world is more connected than ever before. There are opportunities for globalization continue to improve the world market. How to cite Understanding the Phenomena of Globalization, Papers

Social Effects And Factors Of Accounting †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Social Effects And Factors Of Accounting. Answer: Introduction There has been a growth in demand of sustainable behaviour special interest with respect to environment and social effects on businesses (Reverte, 2008); therefore this research has been carried out to assess the factors of accounting exposure of emission rights. For carrying out this research, there have been 119 businesses used from all over the world for the face of year 2011 (Gallego-Alvarez, Martnez-Ferrero and Cuadrado-Ballesteros, 2016). The findings of this research depict various accounting treatments which are based on different factors. Particularly, all the businesses which are from nations that have already implied environmental trading schemes (ETS)have a tendency to record emission rights by use of provisions, inventory and investments. From the different environmental issues, this paper focuses on carbon care emissions, which have been in focus from Kyoto protocol starteddebateonpublicationofvarious lawsinnational and international levels. It had set up emissions business way to deal with worldwide guess emissions. After that, there has been a rise in business rules and regulations and suggestions. latelymilestone was achieved in Paris wins 195 nations gave consent for limiting their carbon emissions through the Paris agreement 2015, along with the USA thatwas verymuch reluctant to use such contracts.Stilla major point that has to be considered is to see the way in which the carbon gas emissions can be reflected in terms of accounts. As per these contracts and agreements, it is important that the parties to agreement define the related models, principles, rules,lawsand guidelines for verifying, reporting and accounting for emissions;howeverthe international standards are not very much developed on this issue. Motivation through Agency Theory Agency theory is applied here to know the relations among agents and principals. The agent symbolizes the principal in a specific trade transaction and is likely to characterize the welfare of the principal with no consideration for self-interest. The diverse motivations of principals and agents may turn out to be a basis of conflict, as a few agents might not completely proceed in the principal's most excellent interests. Practical Motivation The business firms are major source of the emitting carbon therefore these are having high potential for bringing necessary amendments for reduction of carbon in the environment. The businesses are under rising pressure to show their commitment for minimisation of carbon impacts. By ETS the firms are allotted a given quota for emitting gases and this quota is decided by their respective country's environmental policies. As per this quarter trading, the firms have to perform their operations in a fresh manner so that new knowledge and skills can be developed. Theoretical Motivation: In the middle of 1990s, the UN framework Convention on the climate changes i.e. UNFCCC observed that there was a requirement of bringing limits to the emission of carbon. In the year 1997, the renowned Kyoto protocol was issued so that the greenhouse gas emissions could be lessened and there could be redistribution of expenses and costs linked with climate changes by shifting them from the word nations to the businesses that are actually accountable for such emissions and make profit out of them. But this protocol came into effect in the year 2005 and just 37 developed nations signed it. In this the China and the USA were the Nations which did not sign this protocol and they were the highly polluting nations. The first phase of compliance finished in the year 2012 and the subsequent phase of this protocol started in the year 2013. However still this protocol has very few nations playing to do it and these are just the developed nations (Bae Choi, Lee and Psaros, 2013). But lately in Paris, by the end of 2015 last number of nations of the world along with China and USA also signed the Paris agreement which is a substitution for this Kyoto protocol. So the Paris agreement is the worldwide contract for reduction of carbon emissions and its major benefit is that the nations are obligated to make an inventory which depicts the amount of net emissions. It also makes them firms to commit to maintain the global warming less than 2C. This agreement focuses on the net emissions and has led to the rise in financial funds given by the most developed and industrialized nations. Thus, these kinds of agreements have to be considered for determination of accounting approach for emission rights. Although the Paris agreement substitutes Kyoto protocol still the research which has been considered here is regarding Kyoto protocol because this research has been taken from the year 2011, until when the Paris agreement was not made (Phelps, 2014). Literature Review and Hypothesis Development Base theory Legitimacy Theory For assessing the hypothesis the first in this research, dependency model is suggested where dependent variables show the diverse accounting treatment of carbon emission rights and independent variables show the aspects that have effect on this treatment. The results are menace through leverage, size, sector and profitability. The hypothesis contains ETS, GRI indicators and Kyoto protocol.So, the relationship between the independent dependent variables can be shown by graduation as below: ACCOUNTANTi =0 +1ETSi + 2IGRI i +3INOGRIi + 4KYOTOi + 5Size +6Leveragei +7Profitabilityi + 8Sectori + i ACCOUNTANTi is the dependent variable that shows various manners of accounting treatment for carbon emission rights. It equals 1 in case the firm is treating it to be and expenditure and it turns out to be 2 in case this is seen as an intensive unless it. It equals 3 if it's observed as a provision and equals 4 when it's observed to be RD expenditures and 5 if it is observed to be any other entry like liability, investment or stock. Hypotheses ETSiis seen to be the dummy variable which would be equal to 1 when the phone is part of the nation which is already set up emissions trading arrangements, or else it would be zero (Black, 2013). IGRIi is variable which was the indicators regarding carbon emissions and climate change which are officially documented by the businesses as per the GRI regulations. To make this variable, there has been different sustainability reports of businesses considered from the sample so that the total direct and indirect emissions of carbon can be calculated by weight. Just like that, INOGRIi is a variable which shows different indicators regarding the gas emissions and climate change which have been documented officially by the business as per the report created by KPMG and GRI (Black, 2013). This research undertook the contents of sustainability reports of the sample businesses with different indicators. KYOTOiis a model/ dummy variable which would be equal to 1 in case the business is of a nation which is a part of this protocol, or else it would be zero. Apart from this all the results are managed by entering diverse variables which are size of the business, firms leverage which is decided as ratio of the total debts and Equity. Profitability I is the profitability of the businesses which is assessed by the EBIT and the sector is the whenever which shows various sectors which have to be consider while calculating the involvement of gas emissions. In this research the sample businesses are from different sectors which are Airways, paper products, aerospace, energy and defence, chemical, metals, Forest and crude oil production, mining and refining etc. Conclusion This research has laid stress on the accounting treatment of carbon emission quotas or their privileges. Since there has been very less attempt of determining the ways of accounting decisions for treatment of these, this study was attempted to respond to the below query: What aspects decide the various accounting treatment of emission principles on global extent? Also a study was performed with a sample of 119 global businesses in the year 2011, from which the results have been undertaken (Gallego-Alvarez, Martnez-Ferrero and Cuadrado-Ballesteros, 2016). There has been a dependence model suggested for considering the role played by different factors GRI and non-GRI signals, Kyoto protocols, ETS. This factor can have different roles in accounting treatment of carbon gas emission rights. This study also shows that the businesses which pertain to the nations having ETS have a tendency of accounting for these, particularly as a provision or by other entries like stocks, investments, loans etc. Similarly the businesses which have a disclosure on indicators of climate change and gas emission have a tendency treating these to be the research and development expenditures or any other kind of expenditures. A few of them might not even record them at all.Also the businesses which pertain to nations which have approved Kyoto protocol will have a tendency to just ignore them rather than using them as expense (Lippert, 2015). This outcome showed that there is huge diversity and accounting treatment of information rights and there is a negative impact of this diversity on stakeholders. The stakeholders find it hard to decide because of inadequate compatible information. Therefore it is important that international norms are standardised for accounting treatment of these gases. The stakeholders have to consider all these differences while making decisions because when various methods are utilised then there would the divergences in the financial statements (Kumarasiri and Jubb, 2016). It is important that the accounting entries are standardised so that corporate performances can be compared. It is also suggested that FASB, IASB and other international bodies bring any agreement so that this inconsistency of recording the carbon emissions can be standardised. If the accounting practices are not consistent, it would be difficult to compare the final reports (Lu, 2014). When the accounting standards for such emissions are made, then the financial users, stakeholders and employees can rightly assess the emission rights. References Bae Choi, B., Lee, D. and Psaros, J. (2013). An analysis of Australian company carbon emission disclosures. Pacific Accounting Review, 25(1), pp.58-79. Black, C. (2013). Accounting for Carbon Emission Allowances in the European Union: In Search of Consistency. Accounting in Europe, 10(2), pp.223-239. Gallego-Alvarez, I., Martnez-Ferrero, J. and Cuadrado-Ballesteros, B. (2016). Accounting Treatment for Carbon Emission Rights. Systems, 4(1), p.12. Kumarasiri, J. and Jubb, C. (2016). Carbon emission risks and management accounting: Australian evidence. Accounting Research Journal, 29(2), pp.137-153. Lippert, I. (2015). Environment as datascape: Enacting emission realities in corporate carbon accounting. Geoforum, 66, pp.126-135. Lu, Y. (2014). Estimation of Black Carbon Emission of China. Journal of Environmental Accounting and Management, 2(2), pp.115-122. Phelps, T. (2014). Truth Delayed: Accounting for Human Rights Violations in Guatemala and Spain. Human Rights Quarterly, 36(4), pp.820-843. Reverte, C. (2008). Determinants of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure Ratings by Spanish Listed Firms. Journal of Business Ethics, 88(2), pp.351-366.